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• NEW! Urothelium: A Drug Target For Urinary Bladder Pain Hanno Phillip M, MD. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2005 Sept; 289:F489-F495.

• Comparison of APF activity and epithelial growth factor levels in urine from Chinese, African-American, and white American patients with interstitial cystitis. u Zhang CO, et al. Urology. 2003 May;61(5):897-901.

• Decreased in vitro proliferation of bladder epithelial cells from patients with interstitial cystitis. Keay S, et al. Urology. 2003 Jun;61(6):1278-84.

• Lipofuscinosis of the urinary bladder: a complication of chronic interstitial cystitis. Tzankov A, Peschel R, Stenzl A, Mikuz G. Virchows Arch. 2002 Aug;441(2):200-1. No abstract available.

• Intravesical ethanol test: an ineffective measure of bladder hyperpermeability. Gordon Z, et al. Urology. 2003 Mar;61(3):555-7.

• The Ameliorating Effect of Melatonin on Protamine Sulfate Induced Bladder Injury and its Relationship to Interstitial Cystitis. Cetinel S, Ercan F, Sirvanci S, Sehirli O, Ersoy Y, San T, Sener G. J Urol. 2003 Apr;169(4):1564-1568.

• Over expression of platelet-derived endothelial cell growth factor/thymidine phosphorylase in patients with interstitial cystitis and bladder carcinoma. Ueda T, Tamaki M, Ogawa O, Yoshimura N. J Urol. 2002 Jan;167(1):347-51.

• Bladder microvasculature and the effects of hydrodistention in interstitial cystitis. Rosamilia A, Cann L, Scurry J, Rogers P, Dwyer P. Urology. 2001 Jun;57(6 Suppl 1):132. No Abstract available.

• Mixed connective tissue disease following interstitial cystitis. Seishima M, Shimizu H, Oyama Z, Isogai K. Eur J Dermatol. 2001 Jan-Feb;11(1):45-7.

• Up-regulation of pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide in urinary bladder pathways after chronic cystitis. Vizzard MA. J Comp Neurol. 2000 May 8;420(3):335-48.

• Bladder stretch alters urinary heparin-binding epidermal growth factor and antiproliferative factor in patients with interstitial cystitis. Chai TC, Zhang CO, Shoenfelt JL, Johnson HW, Warren JW, Keay S. J Urol. 2000 May;163(5):1440-4.

• BLADDER EPITHELIAL CELLS FROM PATIENTS WITH INTERSTITIAL CYSTITIS PRODUCE AN INHIBITOR OF HEPARIN-BINDING EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR-LIKE GROWTH FACTOR PRODUCTION.Keay S, Kleinberg M, Zhang CO, Hise MK, Warren JW., J Urol. 2000 Dec;164(6):2112-2118.

• A new direct test of bladder permeability. Erickson DR, Herb N, Ordille S, Harmon N, Bhavanandan VP. J Urol. 2000 Aug;164(2):419-22.

• Joseph parrish, tic doloureux of the bladder and interstitial cystitis. Teichman JM, Thompson IM, Taichman NS. J Urol. 2000 Nov;164(5):1473-5. No abstract available.

• Increased tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactivity in bladder tissue from patients with classic and nonulcer interstitial cystitis. Peeker R, Aldenborg F, Dahlstrom A, Johansson SL, Li JY, Fall M. J Urol 2000 Apr;163(4):1112-5

• Urothelial cytoprotective activity of Tamm-Horsfall protein isolated from the urine of healthy subjects and patients with interstitial cystitis. Akiyama A, Stein PC, Houshiar A, Parsons CL. Int J Urol. 2000 May;7(5):176-83.

• Towards understanding the kallikrein-kinin system: insights from measurement of kinin peptides. Campbell DJ. Braz J Med Biol Res. 2000 Jun;33(6):665-77. Review.

• Glycosaminoglycans excretion in interstitial cystitis. Akcay T, Konukoglu D. Int Urol Nephrol 1999;31(4):431-5

• The effects of cold-restraint stress on urinary bladder wall compared with interstitial cystitis morphology. Ercan F, San T, Cavdar S. Urol Res 1999 Dec;27(6):454-61

• Glycoaminoglycan (GAG) deficiency in protective barrier as an underlying, primary cause of ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease interstitial cystitis and possibly Reiter's syndrome. Russell AL. Med Hypotheses 1999 Apr;52(4):297-301

• Elevated stress protein in transitional cells exposed to urine from interstitial cystitis patients. Ito T, Stein PC, Parsons CL, Schmidt JD. Int J Urol. 1998 Sep;5(5):444-8.

• Polymerase chain reaction amplification of bacterial 16S rRNA genes from cold-cup biopsy forceps. Keay S, Zhang CO, Baldwin BR, Alexander RB, Warren JWJ. Urol. 1998 Dec;160(6 Pt 1):2229-31.

• A hypothesis for the etiology of interstitial cystitis based upon inhibition of bladder epithelial repair. Keay S, Warren JW; Med Hypotheses. 1998 Jul;51(1):79-83. Review.

• Metaplastic transformation of urinary bladder epithelium: effect on mast cell recruitment, distribution, and phenotype expression. Aldenborg F, Peeker R, Fall M, Olofsson A, Enerback L Am J Pathol 1998 Jul;153(1):149-157

• An investigation of the nature of bladder mucosal glycoconjugates and their role in interstitial cystitis. Bhavanandan VP, Erickson DR. Indian J Biochem Biophys 1997 Feb;34(1-2):205-211

• Inflammatory cell types and clinical features of interstitial cystitis. Erickson DR, Belchis DA, Dabbs DJ. J Urol 1997 Sep;158(3 Pt 1):790-793

• Concentrations of specific epithelial growth factors in the urine of interstitial cystitis patients and controls. Keay S, Zhang CO, Kagen DI, Hise MK, Jacobs SC, Hebel JR, Gordon D, Whitmore K, Bodison S, Warren JW. Urol 1997 Nov;158(5):1983-1988

• Evidence for altered proliferative ability of progenitors of urothelial cells in interstitial cystitis. Elgavish A, Pattanaik A, Lloyd K, Reed R. J Urol 1997 Jul;158(1):248-252

• Increased nerve growth factor levels in the urinary bladder of women with ideopathic sensory urgency and interstitial cystitis. Lowe EM, Anand P, Terenghi G, Williams-Chestnut RE, Sinicropi DV, Osborne JL. Br J Urol 1997 Apr;79(4):572-577

• Heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor is an autocrine growth factor for human urothelial cells and is synthesized by epithelial and smooth muscle cells in the human bladder. Freeman MR, Yoo JJ, Raab G, Soker S, Adam RM, Schneck FX, Renshaw AA, Klagsbrun M, Atala A. J Clin Invest 1997 Mar 1;99(5):1028-1036

• Decreased 3H-thymidine incorporation by human bladder epithelial cells following exposure to urine from interstitial cystitis patients. Keay S, Zhang CO, Trifillis AL, Hise MK, Hebel JR, Jacobs SC, Warren JW. J Urol1996 Dec;156(6):2073-2078

• A deficit of chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans on the bladder uroepithelium in interstitial cystitis. Hurst RE, Roy JB, Min KW, Veltri RW, Marley G, Patton K, Shackelford DL, Stein P, Parsons CL. Urology 1996 Nov;48(5):817-821

• Culture of bladder epithelium from cystoscopic biopsies of patients with interstitial cystitis. Trifillis AL, Cui X, Jacobs S, Warren JW. J Urol 1995 Jan;153(1):243-248

• Selective type IV collagen defects in the urothelial basement membrane in interstitial cystitis. Wilson CB, Leopard J, Nakamura RM, Cheresh DA, Stein PC, Parsons CL. J Urol 1995 Sep;154(3):1222-1226

• Lymphocyte sub-populations in the bladder wall in normal bladder, bacterial cystitis and interstitial cystitis. Christmas TJ. Br J Urol 1994 May;73(5):508-515

The Role of Glycosaminoglycans in Normal Bladder Physiology and the Pathophysiology of Interstitial Cystitis. Robert E. Hurst, Johnny B. Roy, and C. Lowell Parsons. In Grannum R. Sant: Interstitial Cystitis Philadelphia: Lippencott-Raven 1997: Chapt. 11